describe the four layers of the gi tract describe the four layers of the gi tract

Imagine a sheet of material just one layer of atoms thickless than a millionth . Mucosa - Circular muscle layer and longitudinal muscle layer are the two sublayers. Helping them along the way are the pancreas, gall bladder and liver. The digestive organs within the abdominal cavity are held in place by the peritoneum, a broad serous membranous sac made up of squamous epithelial tissue surrounded by connective tissue. It is composed of epithelium cells and a thin connective tissue. The muscularis mucosae, the outer layer of the mucosa, is a thin layer of smooth muscle responsible for generating local movements. In the mouth and pharynx, it consists of skeletal muscle that aids in swallowing. Peritonitis is life threatening and often results in emergency surgery to correct the underlying problem and intensive antibiotic therapy. The visceral peritoneum includes multiple large folds that envelope various abdominal organs, holding them to the dorsal surface of the body wall. A small light source shines upward from the bottom of a $35 \mathrm{~cm}$-deep pond. Once food products enter the small intestine, the gallbladder, liver, and pancreas release secretionssuch as bile and enzymesessential for digestion to continue. Esophagus. 2. Two B. The troposphere is the layer in which we live and is the layer with the most water vapor. If you are the site owner (or you manage this site), please whitelist your IP or if you think this block is an error please open a support ticket and make sure to include the block details (displayed in the box below), so we can assist you in troubleshooting the issue. In the stomach. clinicalanatomy.com/mtd/382-layers-of-the-gi-tract, Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/103.0.0.0 Safari/537.36. The serosa is a smooth membrane consisting of a thin layer of cells that secrete serous fluid, and a thin layer of connective tissue. The parietal peritoneum lines the abdominopelvic cavity (abdominal and pelvic cavities). As an Amazon Associate we earn from qualifying purchases. These tissues serve to hold the alimentary canal in place near the ventral surface of the vertebral column. Mucosa (adjacent to the lumen), submucosa, muscularis externa and serosa. The space shared between the digestive and respiratory tracts. Epithelial cells have a very brief lifespan, averaging from only a couple of days (in the mouth) to about a week (in the gut). The blood vessels second function is to supply the organs of the alimentary canal with the nutrients and oxygen needed to drive their cellular processes. Accessory digestive organs, despite their name, are critical to the function of the digestive system. This process of rapid renewal helps preserve the health of the alimentary canal, despite the wear and tear resulting from continued contact with foodstuffs. How does this change in consistency facilitate your gaining nutrients from food? Additionally, it serves as a conduit for a dense branching network of nerves, the submucosal plexus, which functions as described below. There are goblet cells present, which secrete mucus. Mucosa is the moist innermost layer; it lines the cavity of the organ. The main function of the organs of the alimentary canal is to nourish the body. 10. The small intestine has four tissue layers: The serosa is the outermost layer of the intestine. The longitudinal, circular, and oblique orientations of muscle fibers. . Notice that the epithelium is in direct contact with the lumen, the space inside the alimentary canal. It includes blood and lymphatic vessels (which transport absorbed nutrients), and a scattering of submucosal glands that release digestive secretions. His mother picked his middle name after a famous painter, Anthony Van Dyck. The visceral peritoneum includes multiple large folds that envelope various abdominal organs, holding them to the dorsal surface of the body wall. The contractions of these layers promote mechanical digestion, expose more of the food to digestive chemicals, and move the food along the canal. The epithelium is the innermost layer and it is responsible for most digestive, absorptive, and secretory processes. These lymphocyte clusters are particularly substantial in the distal ileum where they are known as Peyers patches. The mucosa of the remainder of the GI tract is a delicate layer of simple columnar epithelium designed for absorption and secretion. In the stomach and intestines, it is a simple columnar epithelium. Contains lymph tissue. Submucosal- nerve network between the mucosa and submucosa. supports avascular mucosal epithelium. For example, when an ulcer perforates the stomach wall, gastric juices spill into the peritoneal cavity. Gastric glands. The stomach acids and enzymes work to break down food which is then released into the small intestine. Mucous membrane: It is also known as mucosa. It has four parts- cardiac, fundus, body and pyloric portion. Name the layers of the small intestine from superficial to deep. The stomach is equipped for its churning function by the addition of a third layer, the oblique muscle. The first group is the organs that make up the alimentary canal. Inflammation of the peritoneum is called peritonitis. How does this change in consistency facilitate your gaining nutrients from food? Submucosa. Food, mucus, and digestive juices pass through the lumen, and the mucosa comes in direct contact with digested food (chyme). Alone among the GI tract, the stomach has a third layer of muscularis externa. Only then does the blood drained from the alimentary canal viscera circulate back to the heart. The alimentary canal is the part of the digestive system that food actually passes through (the. Layers of the Stomach The stomach is a very complex organ. Being able to predict the churn rate is the key to success for the telecommunication industry. Present only in the region of the alimentary canal within the abdominal cavity, it consists of a layer of visceral peritoneum overlying a layer of loose connective tissue. Also called the gastrointestinal (GI) tract or gut, the alimentary canal (aliment- = to nourish) is a one-way tube about 7.62 meters (25 feet) in length during life and closer to 10.67 meters (35 feet) in length when measured after death, once smooth muscle tone is lost. The gallbladder releases bile, which is responsible as a buffer and emulsification, while the pancreas provides enzymes that break down starches, lipids, nucleic acids & proteins. In the gastrointestinal tract, the submucosa is the layer of dense irregular connective tissue or loose connective tissue that supports the mucosa. By clicking on this link you can watch a short video of what happens to the food you eat, as it passes from your mouth to your intestine. Large intestine. Mouth 2. The layers are discussed below, from the inside lining of the tract to the outside lining: The mucosa is a mucous membrane that lines the inside of the digestive tract from mouth to anus. The third layer of the alimentary canal is the muscularis (also called the muscularis externa). Chemical peritonitis can develop any time the wall of the alimentary canal is breached, allowing the contents of the lumen entry into the peritoneal cavity. Instead of serosa, the mouth, pharynx, and esophagus have a dense sheath of collagen fibers called the adventitia. In turn, the digestive system provides the nutrients to fuel endocrine function. Name the four layers of the GI tract, and describe their functions. Intrinsic innervation of much of the alimentary canal is provided by the enteric nervous system, which runs from the esophagus to the anus, and contains approximately 100 million motor, sensory, and interneurons (unique to this system compared to all other parts of the peripheral nervous system). The secretions of the associated glandular organs, such as the salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gall bladder, aid the GI tract in accomplishing these functions. Hormones secreted by several endocrine glands, as well as endocrine cells of the pancreas, the stomach, and the small intestine, contribute to the control of digestion and nutrient metabolism. Support/stabilize the organs of the abdominopelvic cavity and route for blood. epithelium. Specifically, the more anterior parts of the alimentary canal are supplied with blood by arteries branching off the aortic arch and thoracic aorta. Creative Commons Attribution License Lamina propriaIn addition to loose connective tissue, the lamina propria contains numerous blood and lymphatic vessels that transport nutrients absorbed through the alimentary canal to other parts of the body. Both the mouth and anus are open to the external environment; thus, food and wastes within the alimentary canal are technically considered to be outside the body. 1. The stomach is a key part of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, sitting between the esophagus and duodenum. From the inside out they are called the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa. This tube begins at the mouth and terminates at the anus. The peritoneal cavity is the space bounded by the visceral and parietal peritoneal surfaces. Walls of the digestive tract have four concentric layers. Rather, this blood is diverted to the liver where its nutrients are off-loaded for processing before blood completes its circuit back to the heart. The myenteric plexus (plexus of Auerbach) lies in the muscularis layer of the alimentary canal and is responsible for motility, especially the rhythm and force of the contractions of the muscularis. The mucosa contains specialized goblet cells that secrete sticky mucus throughout the GI tract. Each layer has different structures and functions. Describe the development of the body cavities 3. By the end of this section, you will be able to: The function of the digestive system is to break down the foods you eat, release their nutrients, and absorb those nutrients into the body. The first group is the organs that make up the alimentary canal. Digestive mucosa is made up of three sublayers: (1) a lining epithelium, (2) a lamina propria, and (3) a musclularis mucosae. Accessory digestive organs, despite their name, are critical to the function of the digestive system. Along the way, note how the food changes consistency and form. The basic two-layer structure found in the small intestine is modified in the organs proximal and distal to it. The wall of the digestive tract has four layers or tunics: Mucosa Submucosa Muscular layer Serous layer or serosa The mucosa, or mucous membrane layer, is the innermost tunic of the wall. Describe the anatomy of the intestinal mucosa. Previous This process of rapid renewal helps preserve the health of the alimentary canal, despite the wear and tear resulting from continued contact with foodstuffs. A team of researchers from the Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA) and the Weizmann Institute of Science has studied what happens when they layer four sheets of it on top of each other and how this can lead to new forms of exotic superconductivity. Lipids are absorbed via lacteals, tiny structures of the lymphatic system. Its functions are to mix food with stomach acid and break food down into smaller particles using chemical and mechanical digestion. secretory function in stomach. The serosa is the portion of the alimentary canal superficial to the muscularis. The Cardiovascular System: Blood, Chapter 19. A broad layer of dense connective tissue, it connects the overlying mucosa to the underlying muscularis. 1.2 Structural Organization of the Human Body, 2.1 Elements and Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter, 2.4 Inorganic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning, 2.5 Organic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning, 3.2 The Cytoplasm and Cellular Organelles, 4.3 Connective Tissue Supports and Protects, 5.3 Functions of the Integumentary System, 5.4 Diseases, Disorders, and Injuries of the Integumentary System, 6.6 Exercise, Nutrition, Hormones, and Bone Tissue, 6.7 Calcium Homeostasis: Interactions of the Skeletal System and Other Organ Systems, 7.6 Embryonic Development of the Axial Skeleton, 8.5 Development of the Appendicular Skeleton, 10.3 Muscle Fiber Excitation, Contraction, and Relaxation, 10.4 Nervous System Control of Muscle Tension, 10.8 Development and Regeneration of Muscle Tissue, 11.1 Describe the roles of agonists, antagonists and synergists, 11.2 Explain the organization of muscle fascicles and their role in generating force, 11.3 Explain the criteria used to name skeletal muscles, 11.4 Axial Muscles of the Head Neck and Back, 11.5 Axial muscles of the abdominal wall and thorax, 11.6 Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs, 11.7 Appendicular Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs, 12.1 Structure and Function of the Nervous System, 13.4 Relationship of the PNS to the Spinal Cord of the CNS, 13.6 Testing the Spinal Nerves (Sensory and Motor Exams), 14.2 Blood Flow the meninges and Cerebrospinal Fluid Production and Circulation, 16.1 Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System, 16.4 Drugs that Affect the Autonomic System, 17.3 The Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus, 17.10 Organs with Secondary Endocrine Functions, 17.11 Development and Aging of the Endocrine System, 19.2 Cardiac Muscle and Electrical Activity, 20.1 Structure and Function of Blood Vessels, 20.2 Blood Flow, Blood Pressure, and Resistance, 20.4 Homeostatic Regulation of the Vascular System, 20.6 Development of Blood Vessels and Fetal Circulation, 21.1 Anatomy of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems, 21.2 Barrier Defenses and the Innate Immune Response, 21.3 The Adaptive Immune Response: T lymphocytes and Their Functional Types, 21.4 The Adaptive Immune Response: B-lymphocytes and Antibodies, 21.5 The Immune Response against Pathogens, 21.6 Diseases Associated with Depressed or Overactive Immune Responses, 21.7 Transplantation and Cancer Immunology, 22.1 Organs and Structures of the Respiratory System, 22.6 Modifications in Respiratory Functions, 22.7 Embryonic Development of the Respiratory System, 23.2 Digestive System Processes and Regulation, 23.5 Accessory Organs in Digestion: The Liver, Pancreas, and Gallbladder, 23.7 Chemical Digestion and Absorption: A Closer Look, 25.1 Internal and External Anatomy of the Kidney, 25.2 Microscopic Anatomy of the Kidney: Anatomy of the Nephron, 25.3 Physiology of Urine Formation: Overview, 25.4 Physiology of Urine Formation: Glomerular Filtration, 25.5 Physiology of Urine Formation: Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion, 25.6 Physiology of Urine Formation: Medullary Concentration Gradient, 25.7 Physiology of Urine Formation: Regulation of Fluid Volume and Composition, 27.3 Physiology of the Female Sexual System, 27.4 Physiology of the Male Sexual System, 28.4 Maternal Changes During Pregnancy, Labor, and Birth, 28.5 Adjustments of the Infant at Birth and Postnatal Stages. Note that during fetal development, certain digestive structures, including the first portion of the small intestine (called the duodenum), the pancreas, and portions of the large intestine (the ascending and descending colon, and the rectum) remain completely or partially posterior to the peritoneum. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. Accessory digestive organs comprise the second group and are critical for orchestrating the breakdown of food and the assimilation of its nutrients into the body. The mass of each biological compartment was assumed to be a fixed percentage of the core body mass, following prior work (Bryden, 1971; Laws et al., 2003).The model uses allometric relationships to update the mass of each compartment daily that captures the effects of growth dilution on tissue Hg concentrations and the rapid growth of ringed seal pups (Hickie et al., 2005). It is composed of areolar connective tissue. June 30, 2022 . The Cellular Level of Organization, Chapter 4. Also called the gastrointestinal (GI) tract or gut, the alimentary canal (aliment- = to nourish) is a one-way tube about 7.62 meters (25 feet) in length during life and closer to 10.67 meters (35 feet) in length when measured after death, once smooth muscle tone is lost. Young, James A. What roles do exons have? There are four layers making up our atmosphere: The troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere and thermosphere. 22.5A: Mucosa is shared under a CC BY-SA license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by LibreTexts. The blood vessels serving the digestive system have two functions. In some regions, the circular layer of smooth muscle enlarges to form sphincters, circular muscles that control the opening and closing of the lumen (such as between the stomach and small intestine). This layer comes in direct contact with digested food (chyme). Thus, the location of these organs is described as retroperitoneal. Deeper connective tissue which supports the mucosa Present only in the region of the alimentary canal within the abdominal cavity, it consists of a layer of visceral peritoneum overlying a layer of loose connective tissue. The gustatory system or sense of taste is the sensory system that is partially responsible for the perception of taste (flavor). Spindle-shaped; lack T tubules, myofibrils, and sarcomeres. Extrinsic innervations of the alimentary canal are provided by the autonomic nervous system, which includes both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves. 1999-2023, Rice University. They transport the protein and carbohydrate nutrients absorbed by mucosal cells after food is digested in the lumen. Within these folds are blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves that innervate the organs with which they are in contact, supplying their adjacent organs. Three C. Four Correct D. Five The tissue layers that compose the walls of the GI tract are: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa. In general, sympathetic activation (the fight-or-flight response) restricts the activity of enteric neurons, thereby decreasing GI secretion and motility. This venous network takes the blood into the liver where the nutrients are either processed or stored for later use. The structure of these layers varies, in different regions of the digestive system, depending on their function. Identify the structural characteristic of smooth muscle fibers. Compare the submucosal plexus with the deeper myenteric plexus. The veins that collect nutrient-rich blood from the small intestine (where most absorption occurs) empty into the hepatic portal system. Explain how the displacement current maintains the continuity of current in a circuit containing a capacitor. Temporary storage of bile produced by the liver. Aggressive surgery, improvements in anesthesia safety, the advance of critical care expertise, and antibiotics have greatly improved the mortality rate from this condition. What are some possible roles introns might have? The organs of the gastrointestinal tract contain layers of muscles, enabling their walls to move food through the tract by a process called peristalsis, allowing for the . Starting from the lumen and moving outwards, these layers are the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa, which is continuous with the mesentery (see Figure 23.1.2). 3. then you must include on every physical page the following attribution: If you are redistributing all or part of this book in a digital format, An abdominal series provides valuable information as to the presence of free intra- or retroperitoneal air. In contrast, parasympathetic activation (the rest-and-digest response) increases GI secretion and motility by stimulating neurons of the enteric nervous system. Describe the basic factors in diffusion and passive transport systems. 2023 Course Hero, Inc. All rights reserved. Accessory digestive organs comprise the second group and are critical for orchestrating the breakdown of food and the assimilation of its nutrients into the body. The abdominal cavity contains the stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, spleen, and pancreas. If you are redistributing all or part of this book in a print format, It is rounded and hollow, and located near the diaphragm in the left part of your abdomen. The oral cavity is lined by which type of epithelium? wall of tubular gastrointestinal tract consists of 4 concentric layers: mucosa. and you must attribute OpenStax. Muscularis: voluntary swallowing 4. Within the mouth, the teeth and tongue begin mechanical digestion, whereas the salivary glands begin chemical digestion. The visceral peritoneum is the serous membrane that lines the stomach, large intestine, and small intestine. Stomach. The GI tract contains four layers: the innermost layer is the mucosa, underneath this is the submucosa, followed by the muscularis propria and finally, the outermost layer - the adventitia. What anatomical feature of the stomach allows the organ to form chyme? Name the four major regions of the stomach in order from its connection with the esophagus to the small intestine. This season, you are right on trend if you explore the depths and layers of this often overlooked color. Consider how understanding the function of the Gastro-intestinal (GI) tract is useful in the care of patients with surgical changes for example the formation of an ileostomy. While the colon has two layers like the small intestine, its longitudinal layer is segregated into three narrow parallel bands, the tenia coli, which make it look like a series of pouches rather than a simple tube. Four compounds possessed EC50 values less than or equal to 11 M. An ulcer is something that's eroded through the epithelium of the wall. Compare the submucosal plexus with the deeper myenteric plexus. Note that during fetal development, certain digestive structures, including the first portion of the small intestine (called the duodenum), the pancreas, and portions of the large intestine (the ascending and descending colon, and the rectum) remain completely or partially posterior to the peritoneum. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. These enteric neurons are grouped into two plexuses. Mucosa - 2. The membrane consists of epithelium, which is in direct contact with ingested food, and the lamina propria, a layer of connective tissue analogous to the dermis. Also called the gastrointestinal (GI) tract or gut, the alimentary canal (aliment- = "to nourish") is a one-way tube about 7.62 meters (25 feet) in length during life and closer to 10.67 meters (35 feet) in length when measured after death, once smooth muscle tone is lost. Explain the reason. Copyright 1999 2023 GoDaddy Operating Company, LLC. The third layer of the alimentary canal is the muscalaris (also called the muscularis externa). When your great grandparents and even your parents were young, the mortality from peritonitis was high. The digestive tract wall initiates from the esophagus and ends at the rectum. What might occur that could result in the autonomic nervous system having a negative impact on digestion? It plays a primary role in the digestion of food and is also called the digestive tract. The serosa is the portion of the alimentary canal superficial to the muscularis. Describe the orientation of smooth muscle fibers in the muscularis externa of the digestive tract. Name the structure connecting the pharynx to the stomach. Contains many glands which open into the lumen by way of ducts. Which is more efficient in propelling intestinal contents along the digestive tract: peristalsis or segmentation? 3. The four layers of the alimentary or digestive tract are listed as: Serosa: It is formed of the mesothelium and is found at the exterior part of the canal. The digestive tract, from the esophagus to the anus, is characterized by a wall with four layers, or tunics. Together, these are called accessory organs because they sprout from the lining cells of the developing gut (mucosa) and augment its function; indeed, you could not live without their vital contributions, and many significant diseases result from their malfunction. Four layers of the Gastointestinal Tract The GI tract contains four layers: the innermost layer is the mucosa, underneath this is the submucosa, followed by the muscularis propria and finally, the outermost layer - the adventitia. Textbook content produced by OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License . A few milliliters of watery fluid act as a lubricant to minimize friction between the serosal surfaces of the peritoneum. Even so, the mortality rate still ranges from 30 to 40 percent. The serosa is a serous membrane that covers the muscularis externa of the digestive tract in the peritoneal cavity. The Lymphatic and Immune System, Chapter 26. The alimentary canal is the pathway (a tube-like structure) that starts from the mouth and ends in the anus. The submucosa is found beneath the mucosa layer. In turn, the digestive system provides the nutrients to fuel endocrine function. Each villus contains a lacteal. f. LARGE INTESTINE - The small intestine leads into the large intestine. In electrostatic equilibrium, what is the charge on (a) the outer surface of the inner shell, (b) the inner surface of the outer shell, and (c) the outer surface of the outer shell? A few milliliters of watery fluid act as a lubricant to minimize friction between the serosal surfaces of the peritoneum. Throughout its length, the alimentary tract is composed of the same four tissue layers; the details of their structural arrangements vary to fit their specific functions. Name the major functions of the large intestine. Muscularis mucosaeThis thin layer of smooth muscle is in a constant state of tension, pulling the mucosa of the stomach and small intestine into undulating folds. Crown, neck, and root. Each accessory digestive organ aids in the breakdown of food (Figure 23.1.2). The GI tract is composed of four layers. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. The idea of this style focuses on last years' sudden surge in popularity for plants as dcor. The system is much more complex. The enteric nervous system helps regulate alimentary canal motility and the secretion of digestive juices, thus facilitating digestion. The celiac trunk services the liver, stomach, and duodenum, whereas the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries supply blood to the remaining small and large intestines. Muscularis: composed of two layers of muscle tissue. It can also determine the presence of small or large bowel obstruction, air fluid levels, pneumobilia or the presence of intramural air in bowel loops as well as in the gall bladder or urinary bladder. In the stomach and intestines, it is a simple columnar epithelium. The The submucosal plexus (plexus of Meissner) lies in the submucosal layer and is responsible for regulating digestive secretions and reacting to the presence of food (see Figure 23.1.2). Although the small intestine is the workhorse of the system, where the majority of digestion occurs, and where most of the released nutrients are absorbed into the blood or lymph, each of the digestive system organs makes a vital contribution to this process (Figure 23.2). These enteric neurons are grouped into two plexuses. Dec 13, 2022 OpenStax. The submucosal plexus (plexus of Meissner) lies in the submucosal layer and is responsible for regulating digestive secretions and reacting to the presence of food (see Figure 23.3). Four layers of digestive tract walls. It is made up of three layers: the epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae. Are you sure you want to remove #bookConfirmation# Each layer has a different function and quality, which makes it unique. Reabsorption of water and compaction of feces. 1. Starting from the lumen and moving outwards, these layers are the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa, which is continuous with the mesentery (see Figure 23.3). These tissues serve to hold the alimentary canal in place near the ventral surface of the vertebral column. Describe the four layers of the gastrointestinal tract walls, including locations. Together, these are called accessory organs because they sprout from the lining cells of the developing gut (mucosa) and augment its function; indeed, you could not live without their vital contributions, and many significant diseases result from their malfunction. These folds dramatically increase the surface area available for digestion and absorption. then you must include on every digital page view the following attribution: Use the information below to generate a citation. In the most proximal and distal regions of the alimentary canal, including the mouth, pharynx, anterior part of the esophagus, and external anal sphincter, the muscularis is made up of skeletal muscle, which gives you voluntary control over swallowing and defecation. Contribution of Other Body Systems to the Digestive System. All digestive organs play integral roles in the life-sustaining process of digestion. HV Carter was born in Yorkshire in 1831. It consists of areolar connective tissue containing blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerve fibers. Most of the operating systems installed on personal computers come with several client processes, but normally no server processes. From the inside out they are called: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa. It is composed of two different regions: the parietal peritoneum, which lines the abdominal wall, and the visceral peritoneum, which envelopes the abdominal organs (Figure 23.4). Except where otherwise noted, textbooks on this site Identify the segments of the large intestine and the four regions of the colon. The membrane consists of epithelium, which is in direct contact with ingested food, and the lamina propria, a layer of connective tissue analogous to the dermis. A sheet of mesentery that is remnant of the ventral mesentery, between the liver and the anterior wall of the peritoneal cavity. Name the nutrient that may be related to each of the following: a. iron-deficiency anemia b. osteoporosis c. dehydration d. high blood pressure.